Mar 01, · Medical marijuana research and reports The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," Institute of Medicine, "Exposing the Myth of Smoked Medical Marijuana," U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Sep 27, · Founded in , the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals Marijuana is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the United States. 1. As found in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, million people aged 12 and older had used marijuana in the past month. 1 Research suggests that marijuana use has increased over the past decade as perceptions of risk of harm from using
Marijuana legalization: Research review on crime and impaired driving - The Journalist's Resource
In Novembermarijuana research paper, voters in nine states decided whether to legalize marijuana for medical or recreational use, according to marijuana research paper running tally by The Cannabista project of The Denver Post.
Recreational use of the drug is already permitted in a handful of states, and can be prescribed by doctors in over half, though it remains banned under federal law, marijuana research paper. Reports on the issue suggest voters were concerned: does marijuana use affect crime rates? A growing body of research addresses the question, tackling arguments used often by opponents and advocates of marijuana liberalization. Critics of legalization also argue that increasing accessibility means more youth will smoke or eat weed, that marijuana shops and growers are attractive targets for criminals, that marijuana use encourages alcohol abuse, and that stoned drivers are a public menace, marijuana research paper.
On the flip side, advocates for legalization argue it will undercut the black market, which is associated with criminals and violent elements. Crime may fall as police resources are reallocated to other pressing issues, they argue. Researchers have found, moreover, that some people substitute marijuana for alcohol, which means they drink less. And legalization of marijuana may reduce racial disparity in drug arrests. Black men, according to federal data collated by the American Civil Liberties Union and widely cited by scholars, are almost four times more likely to be arrested for marijuana possession than whites, even though both groups use the drug at roughly the same rate, marijuana research paper.
Most research on the link between marijuana and crime finds that medical marijuana laws often abbreviated as MML cause a general uptick in the use and availability of marijuana — beyond the patients who are prescribed the drug. Mark Anderson of Montana State University and Daniel I. Rees of the University of Colorado Denver in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Several studies have found reductions in crime after marijuana is legalized for medical use, demonstrating a marijuana research paper, but not necessarily causation.
Crime has fallen across the United States in recent years, but in states with MML it has fallen approximately 5 percent more. Contrariwise, Huber and his colleagues find that depenalization — lowering penalties and, thus, the risk of possession — is linked to an increase in such crimes by 6 percent to 11 percent. That effect is similar to the amount crime would rise during an uptick in unemployment of 2 percent to 3 percent.
In widely cited researchRobert G. Morris of the University of Texas and colleagues see crime fall in every state that has introduced MML. Using FBI data on seven types of crime across states with and without MML, they dismiss concerns about rising crime. Moreover, contrary to concerns that marijuana dispensaries become magnets for crime, marijuana research paper, the shops may diminish crime in their immediate vicinity because of their heightened security, cameras and lights.
Economists Edward M, marijuana research paper. Shepard and Paul R. Blackley of Le Moyne Marijuana research paper find that medical marijuana is associated with significant drops in violent crime. Looking at marijuana research paper data before and after the depenalization of marijuana in the United Kingdom inNils Braakmann and Simon Jones of Newcastle University suggest most types of crime, risky behavior and violence fall.
But they observe marijuana research paper 5 percent to 7 percent increase in property crimes among to year-olds. Katarina Guttmannova of the University of Washington and colleagues examined 15 studies on the relationship between alcohol and marijuana use. Their analysis indicates mixed resultssuggesting both substitution — when marijuana is more readily available, people use it and drink less — and complementation — people drink more when they use marijuana.
Substitution would have positive public health implications, assuming, marijuana research paper, as some researchers dothat alcohol is a more destructive drug with higher costs for society.
Alcohol accounts for over 30 percent of motor-vehicle fatalities in the U, marijuana research paper. each year — almost 10, deaths — according to the U, marijuana research paper. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Legalization is also associated with sharp decreases in the price of marijuana and alcohol consumption, which suggests that marijuana and alcohol are substitutes. Huber and his colleagues at Colby College also chart a fall in DUIs in states with MML laws. The portable test could produce results in three minutes, they reported in Analytical Chemistry in July There is growing evidence that as marijuana is legalized, more people marijuana research paper it.
Legal medical marijuana increases both the supply of the drug as well as demand. Braakmann and Jones see a 4. They do not see an increase among older groups. Relatedly, a paper in the American Journal of Public Health finds a negative relationship between marijuana and suicide. In states with MML, legalization is associated with a Are teenagers who use pot more likely to begin using harder drugs like cocaine and heroin?
Research is largely inconclusive and the issue is addressed in many of the studies listed above. A related question is how MML affect the use and abuse of opioids for pain. A study by Columbia University researchers confirmed those findings and observed that states with MML had fewer opioid-related car accidents. Significant research has shown that young black men are arrested at a much higher rate than white men for the same marijuana-related crimes.
Economists Wesley Austin of the University of Louisiana and Rand W. Ressler of Georgia Southern University explore the relationship between marijuana crimes and arrest in a paper for Applied Economics Letters.
They find arrest much more likely if the offender is poor and black, compared with perpetrators who are either poor or black or poor and a member of another race. Racial profiling is the topic of a paper by Frank R. Baumgartner of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and colleagues. They discover black men far more likely than white men to be searched during traffic stops, yet less likely to be found with contraband.
It also finds that access to marijuana is associated with greater usage. The number of American cannabis users is rising. According to an August Gallup Poll13 percent of Americans marijuana research paper they use the drug, up from 7 percent in Slightly older data from the U.
Department of Health and Human Services shows that over 22 million Americans aged 12 or marijuana research paper have used marijuana in the past month. That is 8. in The National Institutes of Health NIH publishes research on the health impact of cannabis consumption, marijuana research paper.
According to the Marijuana Policy Projectan advocacy group, there are over 2 million marijuana patients in the U. com and High Times magazine are among the news outlets that cover the growing legal marijuana business, marijuana research paper.
The B. doi: This paper examines the relationship between the legalization of medical marijuana, marijuana research paper, depenalization of possession, and the incidence of non-drug crime. Using state panel data from toresults show evidence of percent reductions in robberies, larcenies, and burglaries due to the legalization of medical marijuana, but that depenalization has little effect and may instead increase crime rates.
These effects are supported by null results for crimes unrelated to the cannabis market and are consistent with the supply-side effects of medicinal use that are absent from depenalization laws as well as existing evidence on the substitution between marijuana and alcohol. The findings contribute new evidence to the complex debate surrounding marijuana policy and the war on drugs.
We exploit the declassification of cannabis in the UK in as a natural experiment. Specifically, we use the fact that the declassification changed expected punishments differently in various age groups due marijuana research paper thresholds in British criminal law and employ a difference-in-differences type design using data from the longitudinal version of the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. Our findings suggest essentially no increases in either cannabis consumption, consumption of other drugs, crime and other forms of risky behavior.
PLoS ONE Some have argued medical marijuana legalization MML poses a marijuana research paper to public health and safety, perhaps also affecting crime rates. In recent years, some Marijuana research paper. states have legalized marijuana for medical purposes, marijuana research paper political and public interest in the impact of marijuana legalization on a range of outcomes.
Methods: Relying on U, marijuana research paper. state panel data, we analyzed the association between state MML and state crime rates for all Part I offenses collected by the FBI, marijuana research paper. Findings: Results did not indicate a crime exacerbating effect of MML on any of the Part I offenses. Alternatively, marijuana research paper, state MML may be correlated with a reduction in homicide and assault rates, net of other covariates.
Conclusions: These findings run counter to arguments suggesting the legalization of marijuana for medical purposes poses a danger to public health in terms of exposure to violent crime and property crimes, marijuana research paper. Mark; Rees, Daniel I. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management Summary: This literature review looks at the concerns of those opposing legalization.
It concludes that legal recreational marijuana is a net benefit for society because it marijuana research paper associated with a reduction in alcohol-related traffic deaths and alcohol use more generally, and thus also a reduction in crime. The usage of marijuana research paper will increase, though, the authors expect.
Journal of Drug Issues Marijuana sales are now estimated in the billions of dollars per year with over two million patients, yet it remains unlawful under federal law, marijuana research paper, and there is limited and conflicting evidence about potential effects on society.
We present new evidence about potential effects on crime by estimating an economic crime model following the general approach developed by Becker. Data from 11 states in the western United States are used to estimate the model and test hypotheses about potential effects on rates of violent and property crime.
Fixed effects methods are applied to control for state-specific factors, with adjustments for first-order autocorrelation and cross-section heteroskedasticity. There is no evidence of negative spillover effects from medical marijuana laws MMLs on violent or property crime. Instead, marijuana research paper, we find significant drops in rates of violent crime associated with state MMLs. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Conclusions: Impact of more liberal marijuana policies on alcohol use is complex, and likely depends on specific aspects of policy implementation, including how long the policy has been in place.
Furthermore, evaluation of marijuana policy effects on alcohol use may be sensitive to the age group studied and the margin of alcohol use examined. Design of policy evaluation research requires careful consideration of these issues.
Addiction Design: Data on locations of crimes and medical marijuana dispensaries as well as other covariates were collected for a sample of Census block groups. Conclusions: Using law enforcement to reduce medical marijuana dispensaries in California appears to have reduced crime in residential areas near to, but not in, these locations.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Cannabis - Michael Roth, MD - UCLA Health Cannabis Research Initiative
, time: 23:59Why Americans Support or Oppose Legalizing Marijuana | Pew Research Center
Sep 27, · Founded in , the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals Sep 23, · A growing body of research addresses the question, tackling arguments used often by opponents and advocates of marijuana liberalization. Opponents often claim that people who use marijuana are more likely to move on to harder drugs — the “gateway drug” theory — and that users of hard drugs engage in predatory crimes to feed their habits Marijuana is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the United States. 1. As found in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, million people aged 12 and older had used marijuana in the past month. 1 Research suggests that marijuana use has increased over the past decade as perceptions of risk of harm from using
No comments:
Post a Comment